Acute airway inflammation is a fundamental part of our body’s immune response, but chronic or excessive inflammation can lead to several life-threatening diseases. Reducing or resolving inflammation is an active process that occurs inside us, and is directed in part by chemicals called “pro-resolving mediators”. At the onset of acute inflammation, cell-to-cell interactions establish biological pathways for these pro-resolving mediators, including several other biological agents which help return the inflamed airway to a healthy state of homeostasis. Understanding these cellular and molecular mechanisms for pro-resolving mediators can provide new insights into: how our tissues respond in ways to help resolve inflammation; the pathophysiology of disease, such as how we respond to infections; as well as opportunities for therapeutic intervention.