Vaccines have produced one of the largest increases in the age of life expectancy in human history. However massive challenges remain, with 17 million deaths per year due to infectious disease _ mostly in the developing-world. Kendall will discuss the particular challenges holding back vaccines within the developing world; together with potential solutions under development. His particular focus will move to the needle and syringe: currently the main vaccination method, which was first invented in 1853. The needle is holding back the rollout of vaccines by (1) placing vaccine into muscle, arguably missing our immune Ðsweet spotÓ); (2) the need for maintaining the refrigeration Ðcold chainÓ of the vaccine in liquid form; and (3) cross-contamination through needle-stick injuries. Briefly Kendall will then outline the idea of hand-held rockets to fire micro-particulate vaccines into the skin _ otherwise called the Ðgene gunÓ _ and its limitations that led me to invent the Nanopatch. He will then introduce the Nanopatch _ conceived to tackle all three of the needle-based problems (and fresh challenges of the Ðgene gunÓ) _ a patch bearing an ultra-high density array of projections that delivers dry-coated vaccine into the skin’s outer layers; abundant with immune cells. In addition, Kendall will outline the Nanopatch journey from idea towards clinical utility as a medical device product.</p